Pietermaritzburg railway station, South Africa, winter, 1893. In the waiting room, which is dark and bitterly cold, a well-dressed young Indian is seated. He has a first-class ticket from Durban to Pretoria in his pocket, but he has only completed part of the journey. A few hours earlier, the guard had asked the police to take him off the train because a white passenger wanted to ride in the first class compartment but not while an Indian man was sitting there. For the railway company and the police, this was a normal affair.
But not to Mohandas Gandhi. As the night grows, he wonders what to do. Should he remain quiet? Should he go back to India? Or should he fight against this injustice? By morning, Gandhi had decided to fight. He had taken the first step on the path that would one day make him a leader loved and followed by millions even years after his death. Gandhi was mentally tough but malleable in appearance.
Gandhi sat alone all night, thinking about what had happened and about his future. He was just twenty-three years old. Should he go back to India, or should he stay and fight against injustice, he pondered? He realised that the injustice he was experiencing was caused by deep racism. That night, in the station at Pietermaritzburg, Gandhi decided that he was prepared to fight against racism.
When he finally reached Pretoria the next evening it was dark and Gandhi did not know where to stay. An African American, offered to take him to a small hotel. The owner gave Gandhi a room. ‘But you must eat in your room,’ he said. ‘The other people here are white and they could be angry if you eat in the restaurant.’ Gandhi told the owner that he was beginning to understand the conditions in South Africa. But later, the owner came back. ‘Please come and eat in the restaurant,’ he said. ‘The others do not mind.’
One day in Pretoria, Gandhi was pushed off the path by a white guard. Only white people were allowed to walk on the paths: Africans and Indians had to walk on the roads.
And so, Gandhi, through painful experiences like these, discovered that he wanted to fight injustice. He quickly changed from a shy young man to a confident one.
Abdullah Sheth Gandhi’s employer in South Africa took Gandhi to Durban court, with his white lawyer. The judge stared at Gandhi and finally told him to take off his turban. Mohandas refused and left the court. The next day a newspaper reported this story, and called Gandhi an ‘unwelcome visitor’. Gandhi wrote to the newspaper and explained that the turban was an important part of his Indian life. Gandhi continued to wear his turban while he lived in South Africa.
In 1893, South Africa was not one nation, but several separate provinces. Durban was in the province of Natal, which was part of the British Empire. The British had large sugar and coffee farms in Natal and from 1860 the British had been bringing farm workers from India to work on these farms. The Indian farm workers were very poor and they were not allowed to leave the farms until they had worked there for five years.
Durban was the biggest city in Natal. About 30,000 people lived in the city. Half of them were white people, one quarter were Indian, and one quarter were African.
Gandhi worked with the Indians and Africans with great vigour. He taught them English so that they could stand up to the British. He taught them the lesson of ‘satyagraha’ and non-violence, he started a newspaper called the ‘Indian Opinion’, and he also started a political party along the lines of the Indian National Congress. He fought against the
decree that farm-labourers were required to give their names to British authorities for verification. He fought against the British tax of three pounds levied on every farm worker. He also stood up to the leader of the government, Jan Christiaan Smuts when he reneged on his words. He fought against the order that derecognised Indian and Muslim marriages and their voting rights. An outcome of all this was that they first called Gandhi, bhai for several years, but now they began calling him ‘Mahatma’.
-Kamlesh Tripathi