By Danny K Rajee
Meghalaya, known as the “Abode of Clouds,” has long been celebrated for its dense forests, rolling green hills, sacred groves, and extraordinary biodiversity. The state enjoys one of the highest forest cover percentages in the country. Yet beneath this green image lies a growing environmental concern: Meghalaya is gradually losing its dense forest cover and ecological stability. While the state still appears lush, the quality, density, and health of its forests are declining in several regions. Between 2021 and 2023, the state lost about 84.07 square kilometres of forest cover, according to the latest India State of Forest Report (ISFR). Addressing this issue requires both scientific intervention and strong community participation.
According to periodic assessments by the Forest Survey of India, Meghalaya has experienced fluctuations in forest cover over the years. Although the total forest area remains relatively high compared to other states, there has been a reduction in very dense forest zones. Forest fragmentation is increasing, which affects wildlife corridors and biodiversity. When forests become fragmented, ecosystems weaken, species migration becomes difficult, and the land becomes more vulnerable to erosion and landslides—particularly during Meghalaya’s heavy monsoon season.
One of the major causes of forest degradation in Meghalaya is unscientific coal mining, particularly the practice known as rat-hole mining. Despite regulatory efforts by the National Green Tribunal, illegal mining has continued in certain areas. This form of mining leads to large-scale deforestation, soil destruction, and water pollution through acid mine drainage. Rivers and streams in mining belts have suffered severe contamination, affecting agriculture and drinking water sources. Mining not only removes trees but permanently alters the ecological structure of the land. Another contributing factor is shifting cultivation, locally known as jhum. Traditionally practiced by tribal communities, jhum cultivation once allowed land to regenerate through long fallow cycles. However, due to increasing population pressure and reduced land availability, fallow periods have shortened. As a result, the soil does not fully recover before being cultivated again, leading to reduced fertility and forest degradation. While jhum is culturally significant, its modern adaptation requires scientific modification to ensure sustainability.
Urban expansion is also impacting Meghalaya’s greenery. The growth of towns, especially Shillong, has led to hill cutting, construction on forest land, and increasing demand for timber and building materials. Inadequate urban planning has further strained natural resources. As concrete structures replace green spaces, natural water absorption declines, increasing the risk of flash floods and water shortages during dry periods.
An important structural challenge in Meghalaya is that most land is community-owned. While this system preserves indigenous rights and traditional governance, it sometimes results in weak enforcement of environmental regulations. Without clear accountability and scientific land-use planning, forest areas can be commercially exploited without long-term ecological safeguards.
The consequences of continued forest loss are serious. Meghalaya could face increased landslides, soil erosion, and biodiversity loss. Despite receiving some of the highest rainfall in the world, parts of the state already experience seasonal water shortages due to damaged catchment areas. Ecotourism, which depends on pristine landscapes, may also suffer if degradation continues.However, solutions are within reach. Strengthening community-led forest management is essential. Traditional institutions such as Dorbar Shnong and Autonomous District Councils can collaborate with environmental scientists to regulate forest use and promote agro-forestry. Strict enforcement against illegal mining, combined with scientific mining practices where permitted, must be ensured. Reforestation programs should prioritize native species rather than monoculture plantations, restoring biodiversity and soil health.
Additionally, promoting alternative livelihoods such as eco-tourism, bamboo industries, organic farming, and medicinal plant cultivation can reduce dependence on extractive activities. Urban planning reforms, including protection of water catchment areas and the development of urban green spaces, are equally important. Meghalaya stands at a critical ecological crossroads. While it remains greener than many other regions, the warning signs are clear. By balancing development with conservation, integrating traditional knowledge with scientific management, and ensuring responsible governance, Meghalaya can protect its forests for future generations. The preservation of its greenery is not merely an environmental necessity—it is a safeguard for the state’s culture, economy, and identity.
“Our towns keep growing. They take over forest land, farm lands, mountains, and valleys. They have little or no respect for green spaces. Humans like to live huddled together. Animals need greater freedom. Sometimes they feel cramped and want to visit their old haunts, but humans are in their way,” said Ruskin Bond in ‘The Ghosts of Indian Small Towns.’
Is Meghalaya too headed in that direction? Are we really concerned about the diminishing green spaces in the state today or are we happy with satellite pictures that give us a false sense of greenery without the trees?
