Small-scale mining is greener: Report
THE CONTROVERSIAL practice of artisanal and small-scale mining could offer millions of marginalised people a sustainable livelihood, but there are serious knowledge gaps in the sector that hinder effective and inclusive policymaking, says a report. The lack of effective policies and knowledge required to generate such policies, as well as scant interest from development agencies, means this sector is largely operating illegally. As a result, miners lack access to the rights, financial services, market information, technology and geological data that would enable them to make the most money while minimising environmental impacts. And while there is good hands-on experience and innovation on the ground to improve the sector, these are either not widely known about or face huge implementation challenges that stall progress, says the report by the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED). Overall, artisanal and small-scale mining employs ten times more people than large-scale mining, providing jobs and income for 20-30 million of the world’s poorest people and supporting the livelihoods of five times that number, according to the IIED. It is practised mostly in poverty-stricken areas of developing countries. In South Africa, for example, it is a means of livelihood for about 10,000 people, and as many as 12 million people in India, most of whom lack technological expertise and are largely unaware of the health and safety risks involved in mining. The sector is partly driven by an increasing global demand for minerals such as tin and tungsten, which are used widely in the construction of high-tech gadgets. But the sector also involves poor and vulnerable people, including women and children, and is renowned for its harsh working conditions and severe pollution: it is the world’s second biggest mercury polluter (mercury is used in the process of small-scale mining for gold). In some areas, however, small-scale mining has a lighter environmental footprint than large-scale mining as it “uses less energy, releases fewer greenhouse gases and produces less waste rock and tailings [mining waste material] per unit of gold”, the report says. “One of the things that is needed is a more detailed census of the characteristics of artisanal and small-scale mining at the national level,” Sarah Best, interim programme leader for the IIED’s Knowledge Programme on such mining, says. “IIED is planning a new knowledge and network programme that will try and address the gaps and ultimately deliver better and more effective policies,” says Best. The report also recommends solutions such as scientific research into substitutes for mercury and the development of improved technology. (SciDev)
Blow for microbicide HIV prevention
A LARGE-SCALE trial to compare the effectiveness of oral tablets and vaginal gels for HIV prevention among young, unmarried African women has yielded disappointing results, a study reports. Most trial participants failed to follow guidelines for using the products — Truvada gel and Tenofovir tablets that must be applied or taken daily — which led researchers to conclude that, despite being safe, the products are not effective for this group. “No intervention is going to be effective unless it’s used,” says Zvavahera Chirenje, one of the study’s lead authors and a researcher at the University of Zimbabwe in Harare. “The majority of participating women did not use any of the study products as recommended.” Previous studies on some microbicide gels have also shown little effectiveness. The three-year study, the Vaginal and Oral Interventions to Control the Epidemic (VOICE), was a major HIV prevention trial to test whether Truvada and Tenofovir are effective in preventing sexual transmission of HIV in women. It was carried out in South Africa, Uganda and Zimbabwe, and involved more than 5,000 participants — about a half of them under 25 years old and 80 per cent unmarried. “We do not know why most of these young women at high risk [of infection] did not use the trial products to prevent HIV,” says Clemensia Nakabiito, principal investigator for the Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University Research Collaboration (MUJHU), which focuses on HIV prevention. “We suspect that the youngsters’ hectic lifestyles, lack of time, and disregarding of the fact that they are high risk can be blamed for the low adherence,” she adds. Teopista Nakyanzi, MUJHU community coordinator, tells SciDev.Net that older, married women who have extra-marital sex are more inclined to consider themselves high risk and to protect themselves than younger women. Women account for 60 per cent of adults living with HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa. Laboratory tests detected drugs in less than a third of blood samples from women who were assigned to use either tablets or gel, and in less than a quarter of samples from women designated to use gel. “These were very low rates, [preventing us] determining whether products were effective in those who used [methods] consistently,” says Chirenje. Researchers suggest that HIV prevention products that require minimal adherence may be more suitable for young unmarried women. Conversely, they say daily prevention programmes are more suitable for couples with one HIV positive partner and homosexual men. Two ongoing trials — ASPIRE and the Ring Study — are evaluating a vaginal ring that releases an antiretroviral drug over a month period. Due to low adherence rates, “we need to emphasise combination prevention”, says Jeanne Marrazzo, professor of medicine at the University of Washington in Seattle, United States. “This group of young women remains at very high risk of HIV infection, and urgently needs safe, effective and practical HIV prevention methods that they will actually use,” she adds. (SciDev)
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